Ontologies are a formal way to describe taxonomies and classification networks, essentially defining the structure of knowledge for various domains. The architecture of the web depends on agreed standards and, recognising that an ontology language standard would be a prerequisite for the development of the semantic web, the world wide web consortium w3c set up a standardisation working group to develop a standard for a web ontology language. The construction of these languages is evolving according to a layered approach to language development, in particular at the level of the ontology vocabulary fig. The semantic web ontology learning for the semantic web alexander maedche and steffen staab, university of karlsruhe the semantic web relies heavily on formal ontologies to structure data for comprehensive and transportable machine understanding. Ontology information science psychology wiki fandom. Ontomerge, an online system for ontology merging and automated reasoning. Description logic concepts fully into the semantic web. Introduction system overview formal model semantic search on the web experiments ontology languages abox acontains the following axioms, which express that the individual i1 is a scientist whose name is \mary and who is the author of article i2, which is entitled semantic web search and has been published in the year 2008. System of mediation based on ontology to solve the. Description logics as ontology languages for semantic webs.
Introduction to semantic technology, ontologies and the. Ontology languages for the semantic web intelligent systems, ieee. Thus, the proliferation of ontologies factors largely in the semantic webs success. The phases from merger to pruning and refinement are responsible for resolving semantic interoperability between the various data sources using various techniques, but the application of these techniques is decided by the expert user in an ad hoc manner. Ontology based knowledge management systems enable the automatic discovery, sharing and reuse of structured data sources on the semantic web. Introduction to semantic web ontology languages department of.
The vision of a semantic web has recently drawn considerable attention, both from academia and industry. A multiontology synthetic benchmark 3 2 related work as mentioned before, except our previous work in 2, there is seldom related work similar to our multiontology semantic web benchmark system. Web standard used some ontology languages are created on the basis of web standards. Therefore, ontology languages can be initial or based on e. With the emergence of multilingual ontologies, accessing knowledge across natural language barriers has become a pressing issue for the multilingual semantic web. Ontology merging for federated ontologies on the semantic web. An ontology language is a formal language used to encode the ontology. People from w3c realized it and that to understand things further, semantic web and linked data were some of their solutions. Ontologies and the semantic web school of informatics. Although they are all xmlbased web languages, they still have some di.
The formal semantics provides an unambiguous interpretation of the descriptions. Semantic web is a platform that integrates data sources using semantic rules, ontologies, web services and web processes8. It proposes to use rdf as a flexible data model and use ontology to represent data semantics. Which gave rise to this complicated notion of ontology. Semantic networks introduction to ontologies and semantic. Owls web ontology language for web services and wsmo web. While dl is less expressive than fol, it certainly has much stronger reasoning. In fact, ontology is a main component of this research. The development process of the semantic web and web ontology.
Introduction the world wide web has the potential to become a primary source for storing and accessing linguistic data, including data of the sort that are routinely collected by. Ontology languages for the semantic web 11 dieter fensel, frank van harmelen and ian horrocks 2. Languages of semantic web services several languages have been defined for describing semantic web services, these languages are based on techniques of ontological engineering 6. Web ontology language owl semantics an owl ontology comprises. A multiontology synthetic benchmark for the semantic web. In recent years, several markup languages have been developed for realizing the semantic web. Regarding an ontology language for the semantic web, there is a joint useu. Journal of computing, volume 2, issue 6, june 2010, issn 2151. Ontology languages for the semantic web article pdf available in intelligent systems, ieee 171. The semantic web aims to build a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across applications, enterprises, and community boundaries. Ontology languages for the web semantic web effort led to development of resource description languages e. Description logics are often named as one of the tools that can support the semantic web and thus help to make this vision reality. Journal of computing, volume 2, issue 6, june 2010, issn.
Semantic annotations for web services embed semantic annotations within wsdl 2. Ontologies enable a better communication between humansmachines. Wide variety of languages for explicit specification. The web ontology language owl is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies. A semantic web can be implemented using ontology languages, based on description logics. We will describe some salient features of two systems. Having large amounts of linguistic data on the web will give. Ontology translation on the semantic web springerlink. Ontology of cyber security of selfrecovering smart grid.
Ontology languages for the semantic web ontology languages. Machine learning on that direction is not going to cut it. Among these languages, two languages are the richest, standardized and generic. The lubm 7 is an example of a benchmark for semantic web knowledge. There are studies on generalized techniques for merging ontologies, but this area of research is still largely theoretical. Web ontology language owl world wide web consortium. Semantic web, and to discuss the formal foundations of these languages.
Ontologybased knowledge management systems enable the automatic discovery, sharing and reuse of structured data sources on the semantic web. Ontology translation can bethought of in terms of formal inference in a merged ontology. What is ontology introduction to ontologies and semantic. Rdfs should not be merged due to their different data models, but that certain. Could be lightweight taxonomy could be heavyweight logicstyle interoperation and sharing are key goals. Ontology languages for the semantic web open university. Introduction to semantic web ontology languages 5 maher is an instance of the professor class, then in any possible situation it is necessarily true that michael maher is an academic sta. Approaches for semantic interoperability between domain. The vision of the semantic web is to let computer software relieve us of much of the burden of locating resources on the web that are relevant to our needs and extracting, integrating and indexing the information contained within. Entities are identified using uris to work in a web setting axioms.
Description logics as ontology languages for the semantic. Web content consists mainly of distributed hypertext and hypermedia, and is accessed via a combination of keyword based search and link navigation. To structure the information in machine process able semantic models semantic web have introduced the concept of ontology 2. The semantic web brings a set of new emerging technologies and models that need to be found and executed. An ontology language for the semantic web is about internet and web development. Web schema languages existing web languages extended to facilitate content description xml xml schema xmls rdf rdf schema rdfs xmls not an ontology language changes format of dtds document schemas to be xml adds an extensible type hierarchy.
Swoogle is a directory and search engine for all rdf resources available on the web, including ontologies. Semantic network also called concept network is a graph, where vertices represent concepts and where edges represent relations between concepts. Semantic web ontology languages like owl 5, 9 these plugins implement the respective protocols and lift the mentioned learning management platforms to adaptive systems 39,57,114,115. Pdf introduction to semantic web ontology languages. Semantic network at the level of ontology expresses vocabulary that is helpful especially for human, but that still can be usable for machine processing. Currently, relational models and xml tree models are widely used to represent structured and. Semantic web languages towards an institutional perspective. Ontology languages, sssw08 6 building a semantic web annotation associating metadata with resources integration integrating information sources inference reasoning over the information we have. Owl is a computational logicbased language such that knowledge expressed in owl can be exploited by computer programs, e. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how they are related, by defining a set of concepts and. The resulting merged ontology then serves as an inferential medium within which. This allows the use of grothendieck institutions to combine web ontologies described in various languages. The resulting merged ontology then serves as an inferential medium.
Introduction to the semantic web tutorial formal languages the degree of formality of ontology languages varies widely increased formality makes languages more amenable to machine processing e. Ontologies on the semantic web wiley online library. Allen and ferguson 1997 can be defined in a straightforward fashion in. Ontology is a body of knowledge describing some domain, typically common sense knowledge domain. Description framework rdf and ontology vocabularies, meaning is added to. We apply techniques from natural language processing and formal concept analysis to derive a lattice of concepts as a structural result of fcamerge. Vocabulary was what machine learning laboratories derived from processing information on the web. The vision of a semantic web has recently drawn consider. A semantic web services for medical analysis using the owl. Ontaria is a searchable and browsable directory of semantic web data with a focus on rdf vocabularies with owl ontologies. An ontology of time for the semantic web 69 acm transactions on asian language information processing, vol.
The w3c web ontology language owl is a semantic web language designed to represent rich and complex knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations between things. A mediator will query data sources, and respond to the request. They selected ontolingua and oml as the basis for creating xol, merging the high expressiveness of. Description logics as ontology languages for the semantic web. In this paper, we describe what description logics are and what they can do for the semantic web. Could be lightweight taxonomy could be heavyweight logicstyle interoperation and sharing are. Ontologies standardize and formalize the meaning of words through concepts an ontology is an explicit specification of a conceptualization. Prominent semantic web standards include rdf, which is used to describe relationships between entities, and owl, the ontology web language. Ontology learning for the semantic web semantic scholar. They are used in agent systems, knowledge management systems, and e. There are a number of such languages for ontologies, both proprietary and standardsbased. Ontology is the collection of interrelated semantic based modeled concepts based on already defined finite sets of terms and concepts used in information integration and knowledge management.
Although in computer science ontologies are a rather new field of study, certain accomplishments can already be reported from the current situation in ontology research. Common algebraic specification language is a general logicbased specification language developed within the ifip working group 1. Ontology is an explicit specification of conceptualization. In 2011, based on the rdf language, basic for the semantic web, a general conceptual reference model of the smart grid was created, containing structured and unstructured. Explorers guide to the semantic web, p 4 the semantic web is a vision of the next generation web, which. Ontologies have become a popular research topic in many communities. The definition 1 is the meaning in philosophy as we have discussed above, however it has many implications for the ai purposes. The development process of the semantic web and web.
Our uniform internal representation, web pddl, is a strong typed. They are used in agent systems, knowledge management systems, and ecommerce platforms. The semantic web approach reuses the mediator, while adding an ontology will provide a common vocabulary that will be used to query the system. Semantic translation is implemented using an inference engine ontoengine which processes. Hence semantic web is not an application but an infrastructure where applications can be developed. A linguistic ontology for the semantic web by scott farrar and terry langendoen 1. In computer science and information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and entities that substantiate one, many or all domains of discourse.
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